By the 1950s, science fiction was beginning to become reality: machines didn’t just calculate; they began to learn. Machine calculating was out. Machine learning was in. But we had to start small. Donald Michie’s “Machine Educable Noughts And Crosses Engine” -- MENACE -- was composed of 304 separate matchboxes that each depicted a possible state of a checker game. MENACE eventually learned to play perfectly, and we replicate and explain that process with Shreksapawn, our adaptation of Martin Gardner’s MENACE-inspired game of Hexapawn. The goal of MENACE and Hexapawn was to determine how to get machines to learn, and eventually to get them to think. As we realized how the simplest computers could learn to play games perfectly, we may have stumbled on the secret to humans playing the game of life perfectly... or at least getting a tiny bit closer to perfection every day. By harnessing math, the human intellect, and a bag full of crafting supplies, we can gain just a little glimpse into how intelligence actually works -- whether it’s human or artificial. ** SOURCES ** “How to Build a Game-Learning Machine and Then Teach It to Play and Win,” Martin Gardner, Scientific American: http://cs.williams.edu/~freund/cs136-073/GardnerHexapawn.pdf Matthew Scroggs’ MENACE Simulator: http://www.mscroggs.co.uk/menace/ MENACE: Machine Educable Noughts And Crosses Engine: http://www.mscroggs.co.uk/blog/19 MONTAGE SONG: “Synthetic Life” by Julian Emery, James Hockley & Adam Noble https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KV6XksdotX8 ** LINKS ** Vsauce2 Links Twitter: https://twitter.com/VsauceTwo Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/VsauceTwo Hosted, Produced, And Edited by Kevin Lieber Instagram: http://instagram.com/kevlieber Twitter: https://twitter.com/kevinlieber Research And Writing by Matthew Tabor https://twitter.com/matthewktabor VFX By Eric Langlay null Huge Thanks To Paula Lieber https://www.etsy.com/shop/Craftality Get Vsauce's favorite science and math toys delivered to your door! null Select Music By Jake Chudnow: null MY PODCAST -- THE CREATE UNKNOWN null #education #vsauce2