This episode of SciShow is brought to you in partnership with Gates Notes. You can go to https://www.gatesnotes.com/Development/10-years-of-reinventing-the-toilet to read about the latest innovations in toilets and sanitation, and to learn more about the “Reinvent the Toilet Challenge,” which is celebrating its 10th anniversary this year. Across the world, and throughout history, different peoples have developed different ways to deal with their own waste. And while they didn’t always nail the design, their efforts to keep themselves safe have led to the thrones and sanitation systems we know and love today. Hosted by: Hank Green SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org/ ---------- Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow ---------- Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever: Chris Peters, Matt Curls, Kevin Bealer, Jeffrey Mckishen, Jacob, Christopher R Boucher, Nazara, charles george, Christoph Schwanke, Ash, Silas Emrys, KatieMarie Magnone, Eric Jensen, Adam Brainard, Piya Shedden, Alex Hackman, James Knight, GrowingViolet, Sam Lutfi, Alisa Sherbow, Jason A Saslow, Dr. Melvin Sanicas ---------- Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet? Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com/ Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow ---------- Sources: https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/what-the-earliest-toilets-say-about-how-human-civilization-has-evolved https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0101045#pone.0101045-Bull1 https://www.nature.com/articles/533456a https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/8/779/htm https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6382038/ https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/iwachap5.pdf https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095311913604074 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352409X1630164X https://iwaponline.com/ws/article-abstract/10/3/411/25056/Water-toilets-and-public-health-in-the-Roman-era?redirectedFrom=fulltext https://www1.nyc.gov/site/dep/water/wastewater-treatment-process.page https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/turrets-toilets-partial-history-throne-room-180951788/ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/everyone-poops-some-animals-eat-it-why-180961020/ https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/plague/faq.asp https://home.howstuffworks.com/dual-flush-toilet.htm https://www.sedron.com/janicki-omni-processor/overview/ https://www.britannica.com/science/bitumen https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/mix-it-up-with-oil-and-water/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342220787_Similarities_of_Minoan_and_Indus_Valley_Hydro-Technologies http://www.pihm.psu.edu/Downloads/Articles/French-2010.pdf https://www.history.com/news/who-invented-the-flush-toilet Images: https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/overhead-of-toilet-flushing-and-water-spinning-clockwise-down-rw_x1mfqvjuq31z9t https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Detail,_2nd_register_of_the_stele_of_Dadusha,_king_of_Eshnunna,_c._1800_BCE._From_Tell_Asmar,_Iraq._Iraq_Museum.jpg https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/double-yellow-line-gm157181710-1761654 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salmonella_enterica_serovar_typhimurium_01.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Choghamish-edited.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Palenque_(Mexico,_January_2020)_-_59_(50089382141).jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Palenque_(205).JPG https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GarderobeChirkCastle.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Garderobe,_Peveril_Castle,_Derbyshire.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chepstow_Castle_(4197).jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edo_period_chamber_pot_2.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bull_leaping_minoan_fresco_archmus_Heraklion_(cropped).jpg https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/water-flushes-the-toilet-rewgpnynlk6yrp6mr https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/knossos-palace-ruins-at-crete-island-greece-famous-minoan-palace-of-knossos-gm1166161479-321139481 https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/drain-trap-cross-section-gm927129322-254355199 https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/ancient-baths-gm182484374-12217200 https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/close-shot-of-fresh-water-coming-out-of-plastic-pipe-s0jioxgdokobc9qc7 https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/bifidobacterium-bacterial-strain3d-illustration-gm1163670497-319601541 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Crapper_Toilet_Horta_Museum.jpg https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/pushing-the-flush-button-on-a-toilet-gm185220168-19422157 https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/human-digestive-system-anatomy-gm1250595866-364798346 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reclaimed_Water_Jars.jpg