Machine learning methods such as neural networks are quickly finding uses in everything from text generation to construction cranes. Excitingly, those same tools also promise a new paradigm for scientific discovery. In this Presidential Lecture, Miles Cranmer will outline an innovative approach that leverages neural networks in the scientific process. Rather than directly modeling data, the approach interprets neural networks trained using the data. Through training, the neural networks can capture the physics underlying the system being studied. By extracting what the neural networks have learned, scientists can improve their theories. He will also discuss the Polymathic AI initiative, a collaboration between researchers at the Flatiron Institute and scientists around the world. Polymathic AI is designed to spur scientific discovery using similar technology to that powering ChatGPT. Using Polymathic AI, scientists will be able to model a broad range of physical systems across different scales. More details: https://www.simonsfoundation.org/event/the-next-great-scientific-theory-is-hiding-inside-a-neural-network/