This took 4 years to recreate. 12 Hour edit here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cm9l8-qngjM Please subscribe if this video earned it: http://bit.ly/Subscribe2SED Get a free audio book! http://www.audible.com/Smarter ⇊ Click below for more links! ⇊ High Resolution images will be provided to the Patrons of Smarter Every Day at: https://www.patreon.com/posts/high-quality-19568610 http://www.patreon.com/smartereveryday If you’d like to support big adventures like this, consider becomingbeing a Patron! I’ve been chasing this problem for over 4 years. The 12 hour edit chronicles the entire process after David Linderman and myself started working on it in earnest. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cm9l8-qngjM People don't tweet me their thoughts about videos enough. I'd love to hear from you. http://twitter.com/smartereveryday Smarter Every Day on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/SmarterEveryDay Smarter Every Day on Patreon http://www.patreon.com/smartereveryday Smarter Every Day On Instagram http://www.instagram.com/smartereveryday Smarter Every Day SubReddit http://www.reddit.com/r/smartereveryday Song “Rings in Rings in Rings” by Gordon McGladdery of A Shell In The Pit Listen to it on Spotify: (It helps https://open.spotify.com/track/5Itp2wFFmI6xtIAc54F1rM All A Shell in the Pit music available at: https://ashellinthepit.bandcamp.com/track/rings-in-rings-in-rings http://ashellinthepit.bandcamp.com/ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ GET SMARTER SECTION A Vortex Ring is also called a Toroidal Vortex https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_ring Original Research Paper by T. T. Lim & T. B. Nickels (Published in Nature 1992) http://202.118.74.190/~elizabeth/Docs/34_Instability_Head-on%20collision_of_large_VR.pdf Governing Equations of Fluid Mechanics http://www.eng.auburn.edu/~tplacek/courses/fluidsreview-1.pdf Numerical Analysis of this phenomena http://fluid.itcmp.pwr.wroc.pl/~znmp/Publikacje/JP_2014_Kudela_Kosior.pdf Interesting Research Papers on Vortex Ring Reconnection https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3721/e67f5bf8e88a47e2241058c7e3cc064c5e8a.pdf Other Videos created by Dr. T T Lim http://me.nus.edu.sg/dept/limtt/videogallery.html Flow Visualization, A Book by Dr. T T Lim https://www.amazon.com/Flow-Visualization-Techniques-Examples-Second/dp/1848167911/ref=mt_hardcover?_encoding=UTF8&me=&qid=1529505335 Why we typically don’t talk about angular momentum in fluids. https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/127712/why-dont-we-talk-about-angular-momentum-at-all-in-fluid-mechanics We used a computer controlled cylinder to pump fluid behind a rubber membrane to fire toroidal vortices out of the vortex cannons. We fixed one of the vortex cannon in a stationary position, and used a multi-axis microscope stage to align a second cannon to it… which sounds incredibly easy, until you realize that DYE density was an experiment all on its own. If the density of the dye mix was light than water, the vortex would go up. If the dye was more dense than water the vortex would fall. We had to overcome SO MANY VARIABLES to overcome and we basically spent about 4 hours figuring each variable. Water/dye temperature differential Water turbulence Water turbidity (cloudiness or haziness of a fluid) How to reset the aquarium Cannon Spacing Cannon Nozzle Cannon Shape Dye homogeneity in the vortex itself The piston displacement volume The piston stroke speed Rubber diaphragm tension, would make one side fire faster than the other. Water or air to drive diaphram? Firing speed (too slow and they drift, too fast and turbulence tears apart secondaries) We did a complete redesign of the cannon 3 different times. The Dye loading method was changed several times At times we tried to maintain negative pressure on the cannon chamber… we also tried to put shutters on the front of the muzzle. Ultimately I decided it was ok to live with dye dripping out of the front. We had to premix the dyes and eventually we got there. It got to the point where we didn’t even really know what success looked like and always thought we were there. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ GET STUFF SECTION: (If I did this right these should be working Amazon affiliate links to purchase the stuff I like to use. When people purchase from these links it will support Smarter Every Day.) ❓Mystery Item (just for fun): https://amzn.to/2KOep01 📷Camera I use : https://amzn.to/2VSiruw Favorite Lens: https://amzn.to/2KPDQ1a Lav Mic: https://amzn.to/3aRek6r My Tripod: https://amzn.to/2Yl6RtJ My Multi-tool: https://amzn.to/2zGm5Pz 💾How I get footage off my phone: https://amzn.to/2KMem4K Travel Tripod: https://amzn.to/2zEa9Oi Favorite Bidet: https://amzn.to/2xnMG3b 🥽Goggle Up! : https://amzn.to/2zG754g https://www.smartereveryday.com/store ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If you appreciate what you've learned in this video feel free to pitch a few dollars Smarter Every Day by becoming a Patron. http://www.patreon.com/smartereveryday #smartereveryday #vortex #fluiddynamics