By combining historical demography and epidemiology, we can (sort of) determine how people throughout history have died. Watch our next video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faBxGmxKTxE LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Comorbidity: the simultaneous presence of two or more diseases or medical conditions in a patient. - Schistosomiasis: a disease caused by liver flukes that has affected humans for more than 100,000 years. - Meta-analysis: an examination of data from a number of independent studies of the same subject, in order to determine overall trends. - Prehistory: the period between when modern humans first appeared and the dawn of agriculture. - Columbian exchange: the process by which plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas were introduced from Europe, Asia, and Africa to North and South America and vice versa. - Zoonosis: a disease which can be transmitted to humans from animals. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer & Narrator Lizah van der Aart | Illustration Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration Ever Salazar | Video Editor & Director Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info/ OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Merch | null MinuteEarth Explains Book | https://minuteearth.com/books Youtube | null TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com/ Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Boyle, P. (2021). How are COVID-19 deaths counted? It’s complicated. AAMC News. https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/how-are-covid-19-deaths-counted-it-s-complicated Webb J., Jr (2020). Historical epidemiology and global health history. Historia, ciencias, saude--Manguinhos, 27(suppl 1), 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-59702020000300002 Webb, J. (2022). On Writing the History of Human Infectious Disease. Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 53(2): 319-327. https://doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01836 Webb, J. (2022). Personal Communication. Department of History, Colby College: https://www.colby.edu/historydept/james-l-a-webb-jr Stearns, P. (2021). The Routledge History of Death Since 1800. https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/1f595227-b42c-4cea-9110-099cb86e59df/ Roser, M. (2022). Longtermism: The future is vast – what does this mean for our own life?. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/longtermism Kandea, T. and Haub, C. (2022) How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth? Population Reference Bureau. https://www.prb.org/articles/how-many-people-have-ever-lived-on-earth/ Wolfe ND, Dunavan CP, Diamond J. Origins of major human infectious diseases. Nature. 2007 May 17;447(7142):279-83. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095142/ Historical Violence Database. Part of the OSU Criminal Justice Research Center: https://cjrc.osu.edu/research/interdisciplinary/hvd Roser, M. (2013). Ethnographic and archaeological evidence on violent deaths. Our World in Data. Retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/ethnographic-and-archaeological-evidence-on-violent-deaths Roser, M. and Ritchie, H. (2013). "Maternal Mortality". Our World in Data. Retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/maternal-mortality Institute of Medicine (2004). Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/11017 Carter, R. & Mendis, K. (2002). Evolutionary and Historical Aspects of The Burden of Malaria. Clinical microbiology reviews. 15. 564-94. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.15.4.564-594.2002