Your genetic code is not as logical as it could be. What if we could rewrite our genetic code, and make it more efficient, sensical and organized? Join Hank and dive deep into genetics in this fun episode of SciShow! Hosted by: Hank Green SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at http://www.scishowtangents.org/ ---------- Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow ---------- Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever: Chris Peters, Matt Curls, Kevin Bealer, Jeffrey Mckishen, Jacob, Christopher R Boucher, Nazara, charles george, Christoph Schwanke, Ash, Silas Emrys, KatieMarie Magnone, Eric Jensen, Adam Brainard, Piya Shedden, Alex Hackman, James Knight, GrowingViolet, Sam Lutfi, Alisa Sherbow, Jason A Saslow, Dr. Melvin Sanicas ---------- Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet? Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com/ Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow ---------- Sources: Mukai et al. 2017 “Rewriting the Genetic Code” https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-micro-090816-093247 Chin 2014 “Expanding and Reprogramming the Genetic Code of Cells and Animals” https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-biochem-060713-035737 https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/mhccbiology112/chapter/the-genetic-code/ Khan Academy “Intro to gene expression (central dogma)” https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/a/intro-to-gene-expression-central-dogma el-Showk 2014 “The Language of DNA” https://www.nature.com/scitable/blog/accumulating-glitches/the_language_of_dna/ D’Onofrio and Abel 2014 “Redundancy of the genetic code enables translational pausing” https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2014.00140/full Spencer and Barral 2012 “Genetic code redundancy and its influence on the encoded polypeptides” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3962081/ Duton 1983 “The significance of redundancy in the genetic code” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022519383903880 Sleiman et al. 2021 “A third purine biosynthetic pathway encoded by aminoadenine-based viral DNA genomes” https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6541/516 Bain et al. 1992 “Ribosome-mediated incorporation of a non-standard amino acid into a peptide through expansion of the genetic code” https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Ribosome-mediated-incorporation-of-a-non-standard-a-Bain-Switzer/a011e43038dd85ec8da081e59d73a6f0d8bd5164 Zhang et al. 2017 “A semisynthetic organism engineered for the stable expansion of the genetic alphabet” https://www.pnas.org/content/114/6/1317 Hoshika et al. 2019 “Hachimoji DNA and RNA: A genetic system with eight building blocks” https://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6429/884 Ernst et al. 2016 “Genetic code expansion in the mouse brain” https://www.nature.com/articles/nchembio.2160 Robertson et al. 2021 “Sense codon reassignment enables viral resistance and encoded polymer synthesis” https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6546/1057 Bethencourt 2009 “Virus stalls Genzyme plant” https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt0809-681a Jason Chin: "Reprogramming the genetic code" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gOImG7I5ek https://groups.molbiosci.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-D/degenerate_code.html#:~:text=Biology%20Glossary%20search%20by%20EverythingBio,by%20more%20than%20one%20codon. https://www.britannica.com/science/amino-acid IMAGES https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/young-woman-with-laughing-corgi-puppy-nature-background-gm1276788283-376188457 https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/science-genetics-and-technology-concept---3d-rendering-of-virtual-dna-molecule-over-black-background-h-zbusytxxjibz13f2 https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/laboratory-gm509610029-46561694 https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/escherichia-coli-gm171590398-22294511 https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/abstract-molecular-background-vp3exyppeim0ij5a3 https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/microscopic-visualization-of-plasma-cells-rlbdn1vxxiwd79x8w https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/3d-animation-with-plexus-effects-dots-and-lines-connected-with-extremely-shallow-depth-of-field-rnl1qudgokkolwgwt https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/amino-acids/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_folding#/media/File:Protein_folding.png https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/dna-strand-is-assembled-from-different-elements-3d-animation-rh61ojwa7joe97ze8 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amino_Acids-wide.svg https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/dolly-right-laboratory-tech-looking-for-coronavirus-vaccine-szul9mgvuk8f7nkm2 https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/abstract-dna-code-background-gm531369959-55462516