See https://blogs.gnome.org/shell-dev/2023/03/30/ensuring-steady-frame-rates-with-gpu-intensive-clients/ for some background. GNOME mutter 44 on Fedora Linux 38 beta Workstation Edition running as a Wayland compositor is sustaining full frame rate, while a client is GPU-limited to single-digit frames per second. This is possible thanks to mutter merge request !1880; previously, mutter's frame rate would have been limited to single-digit fps as well, resulting in a badly stuttering desktop. This is not possible with Xorg. I worked on this as part of Red Hat's Display Systems group.