An overview of the circulation of the blood, right side of the heart pumping blood to the lungs, left side into the systemic circulation pumping to the rest of the body. Essential simple, while incredibly complexed. Heart 4, Cardiac output and reserve The active contractile tissue in the heart is found in the; a. atrioventricular valves b. arterial valves c. myocardium * d. pericardium e. endocardium Blood pressure may usefully be defined as; a. cardiac output subtracted from peripheral resistance b. cardiac output multiplied by peripheral resistance squared c. cardiac output divided by peripheral resistance d. cardiac output multiplied by peripheral resistance * Heart rate multiplied by stroke volume equals; a. osmotic pressure b. blood pressure c. cardiac output * d. venous return Choose one true statement; a. right ventricular pressures are higher than left ventricular pressures b. right ventricular output is higher than left ventricular output c. left ventricular output is higher than right ventricular output d. ventricular output is the same for the left and right ventricles * Blood vessels 4, Capillaries and tissue perfusion Rank the flowing in order of increasing size; a. capillary, arteriole, small artery, metarteriole b. capillary, small artery, arteriole, metarteriole c. capillary, metarteriole, arteriole, small artery * d. capillary, arteriole, metarteriole, small artery Identify one false statement: a. relaxation of the pre-capillary sphincters will cause vasodilation b. contraction of the pre-capillary sphincters will cause vasodilation * c. metarterioles have some smooth muscles in their walls d. arterioles have some smooth muscles in their walls A systemic capillary will have a diameter in the order of; a. 0.5 millimetres b. 0.7 millimetres c. 5 – 10 nanometres d. 5 – 10 micrometres * Which of the following is a vascular endothelium derived releasing factor to relax vasomotor tone thereby increasing capillary perfusion; a. nitric oxide (NO) * b. nitrous oxide (N2O) c. oxygen (O2) d. carbon dioxide (CO2) e. hydrochloric acid (HCl) Heart 5, Internal regulation of myocardial contraction The electrical activity for the contraction of the heart is initiated by the: a. sinoatrial node * b. atrioventircular node c. medulla oblongata d. myocytes The only point of electrical conduction between the atria and the ventricles is provided by the; a. Sinoatrial node b. Atrioventricular node c. Atrioventricular bundle * d. Purkinje fibres The electrical impulses from the atrial myocardium are collected by the a. Sinoatrial node b. Atrioventricular node * c. Atrioventricular bundle d. Purkinje fibres Sympathetic stimulation of the heart will a. Increase heart rate * b. Reduce heart rate c. Have no effect on heart rate d. Reduce stroke volume Parasympathetic stimulation of the heart is provided via the; a. Phrenic nerves b. Thoracic spinal nerves c. Cervical spinal nerves d. Vagus nerve * Blood vessels 5, Three types of capillaries Continuous capillaries are not found in the; a. lungs b. skeletal muscles c. smooth muscles d. liver * e. brain Fenestrated capillaries are found in the; a. brain b. lungs c. endocrine glands. * d. smooth muscles e. skeletal muscles Large proteins are easily able to pass through; a. tight junctions b. continuous capillaries c. fenestrated capillaries d. sinusoidal capillaries * e. none of the above are correct Heart 6, External modification of contractility The cardiac autonomic centre is located in the; a. cerebral cortex b. occipital lobe c. pons d. medulla oblongata * e. spinal cord Sympathetic neurological stimulation of the heart, via cardiac accelerator nerves travels to the heat via the a. cervical spinal nerves b. thoracic spinal nerves * c. vagus nerves d. left glossopharyngeal nerve Sympathetic activity stimulates the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node via the chemical transmitter: a. serotonin (5HT) b. noradrenaline * c. acetylcholine d. glutamate (glutamic acid) e. GABA Choose one true statement; a. parasympathetic stimulation dilates the coronary arteries b. noradrenaline stimulates (agonises) beta 1 adrenergic receptors * c. acetylcholine stimulates (agonises) beta 1 adrenergic receptors d. sympathetic stimulation will slow the rate of electrical transmission through the atrioventricular node e. none of the above are correct Choose one true statement; a. cardiac output can be always be maintained if venous return is reduced b. a positive inotropic effect will reduce cardiac output c. sympathetic stimulation will constrict coronary arteries d. increased heart rate is a chronotropic effect * e. increased strength of ventricular contraction is a chronotropic effect